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June 2022; 12 (3) Commentary

Confirming a Historical Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Challenges and Recommendations

Andrew J. Solomon, Georgina Arrambide, Wallace Brownlee, Anne H. Cross, María I. Gaitan, Fred D. Lublin, Naila Makhani, Ellen M. Mowry, Daniel S. Reich, Àlex Rovira, Brian G. Weinshenker, Jeffrey A. Cohen
First published January 6, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001149
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Article Information

vol. 12 no. 3 263-269
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001149
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
2163-0402
Online ISSN: 
2163-0933
History: 
  • Received August 12, 2021
  • Accepted December 14, 2021
  • First Published January 6, 2022.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2022 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Andrew J. Solomon, MD,
    2. Georgina Arrambide, MD, PhD,
    3. Wallace Brownlee, MBChB, PhD,
    4. Anne H. Cross, MD,
    5. María I. Gaitan, MD,
    6. Fred D. Lublin, MD,
    7. Naila Makhani, MD,
    8. Ellen M. Mowry, MD, MCR,
    9. Daniel S. Reich, MD, PhD,
    10. Àlex Rovira, MD,
    11. Brian G. Weinshenker, MD and
    12. Jeffrey A. Cohen, MD
  1. Andrew J. Solomon, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech Greenwich Biosciences, TG Therapeutics

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Biogen, Octave Bioscience

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. Compensation for non-promotional speaking from EMD Serono.

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NINDS, K02NS109340 2019-2021 PI

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Georgina Arrambide, MD, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Sanofi advisory board on alemtuzumab and BTK inhibitors. (2) Merck advisory board on evobrutinib. (3) Roche advisory board on satralizumab.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Speaking honoraria from Sanofi. (2) Travel and speaking honoraria from Stendhal. (3) Speaking honoraria from Merck. (4) Travel expenses for scientific meetings from Novartis. (5) Travel expenses for scientific meetings from Roche. (6) Travel expenses for scientific meetings from ECTRIMS.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Frontiers in Neurology guest editor for Research Topic: Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2020-2021 (2) Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical editor for Europe

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Commercial entity: Novartis.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ayudas de investigación en salud, FIS number PI19/01590, principal investigator, 2019-2022

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Wallace Brownlee, MBChB, PhD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Advisory board consulting for Biogen, Celgene, Merck Serono, Mylan, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker honoraria for educational activities for Merck, Roche and Sanofi Genzyme.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Dr Brownlee is case reports editor for Multiple Sclerosis Journal (2018 to present)

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Anne H. Cross, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Commercial Entities: (1) Roche: member scientific advisory board 2010-2019 (2)Genentech: member of scientific advisory board 2015-2021; (3) Biogen: consulting; (4) EMD-Serono: consulting and member of scientific advisory board; (5) Horizon: consulting and attendance at advisory board; (6) Novartis: consulting; (7) Celgene: attendance at advisory board; (8) TG Therapeutics: attendance at advisory board; (9) Janssen Biopharmaceuticals: attendance at advisory board; (10) Greenwich Biosciences: attendance at advisory board. Non-Profit: (1) Race to Erase MS (formerly Nancy Davis Center Without Walls): reviewing grants, presence at review meetings; (2) National MS Society: speaking at regional meetings in 2018, 2020; 2021 (3) Consortium of MS Centers: participation in Board of Director meetings, talks at meetings, current Secretary of Board of Governors of CMSC

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) gave talk for EMD-Serono in Stockholm 2019, included travel funded by EMD-Serono; (2) spoke at Genentech meetings, included travel (2016 - 2019); (3) research talk at scientific symposium of the Race to Erase MS (Nonprofit). Travel in 2019 was covered, and I received honorarium for talk. Was virtual meeting in 2020 (received honorarium for talk).

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) 2020- ongoing: Editorial Board member, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & NeuroInflammation - no compensation (2) 2014-ongoing: Advisory Board member, Brain - no compensation; (3) Editorial Board, Journal of Neuroimmunology, Editorial Board, 1996-2020 - no compensation

    Patents:

    1. U.S. patent #15060-630 “Methods for simultaneous multi-angular relaxometry of tissue using magnetic resonance imaging

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1)Biogen, ad hoc consultant, 2005-2021; (2) Horizon, ad hoc consultant, 2021; (3) Novartis, ad hoc consultant 2013- 2021; (4) Gerson Lehrman Group Austin Tx,consultant 2009-2021, (5) Guidepoint Global, LLC, New York, New York,consultant, ongoing; (6) EMD Serono- ad hoc consultant 2012-2021; (7) TG Therapeutics - ad hoc consultant 2019, 2021; (8) Genentech - ad hoc consultant 2011-2021, (9) Celgene - ad hoc consultant 2018-2020; (10) At Point of Care - writer and commentator on CME programs - 2018,2019, 2020.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. I gave two talks in 2019 for the Genentech Speakers' bureau, but have since stepped down from that group.

    Other activities:

    1. (1) Projects in Knowledge, Livingston NJ 07039- fee for writing (2) Prime Education, Inc, fee for giving CME talk - 2016 & 2017; (3) honoraria for reviewing grants and serving on Scientific Advisory Board for Race To ERASE MS 2016-2019 (this is also disclosed in Sections above; (4) Catamount LLC Speaking at webinar 5/25/2021; (5) Board of Governors Member, Consortium of MS Centers 2016 ongoing (now Secretary); (6) WebMD, honoraria for filming and speaking on topics related to MS 2016-2019; (7)PeerView CME: talk at symposium at 2018 and 2019 annual meeting of CMSC (8) Academic CME, honoraria for CME talk at ACTRIMS 2018, 2019, 2021; (9)Potomac Ctr for Medical Education - honoraria for giving 5 CME talks in mostly rural areas about MS in 2019; (10) CME Outfitters, LLC, spoke at CME session online, ongoing.

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Roche site PI for study of ocrelizumab in primary progressive MS (ORATORIO- now in open-label extension called OLE), (2) back-up investigator on a study at our site of ocrelizumab for RRMS (OPERA), began in 2011 and are now in open-label extension, (3) Roche - site co-PI of OBOE - open-label study intended to better understand mechanism of action of drug, (4) Site co-PI for CLOCK-MS study funded by EMD-Serono, (5) site PI for CHIMES - open label study of ocrelizumab in minority people with MS (Black, Hispanic/Latino)

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)National Institutes of Health NINDS 2PO1 NS059560- 01

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation, PI, 2005-2021 (2) Conrad N Hilton Foundation 2014-2021

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. María I. Gaitan, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Fred D. Lublin, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Biogen; EMD Serono; Novartis; Teva; Actelion; Sanofi/Genzyme; Acorda; Roche/Genentech; MedImmune/ Viela Bio; Receptos/Celgene; Medday; Atara Biotherapeutics; Mapi Pharma; Innate Immunotherapeutics; Apitope; Orion Biotechnology; Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; GW Pharma; Mylan; Immunic; Population Council; Avotres; Janssen, BMS; Neurogene; Banner Life Sciences; Labcorp; Entelexo Biotherapeutics; Neuralight

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Most, if not all, consulting activity and scientific boards listed above and below involved travel, all before March 2020, that was either paid for directly or reimbursed.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Same as Advisory Boards

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Sanofi Genzyme- non-promotional EMD Serono- non-promotional

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Novartis; Biogen; Sanofi, NMSS, NIH; Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) NIH/NINDS- PI, 2018-2021 2) NIH/NINDS- PI, 2018-2021

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1) National Multiple Sclerosis Society- PI, 2014-2019 2) National Multiple Sclerosis Society- PI 2019-2024

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. Stock Options- Avotres; Neuralight

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. I have provided occasional expert testimony in various matters

  7. Naila Makhani, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NINDS grant number K23NS101099

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Charles H Hood Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Ellen M. Mowry, MD, MCR,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. DSMB member for NIAID

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. UptoDate chapter editor

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1)Free glatiramer acetate for a clinical trial from Teva Neuroscience. (2)Research funding paid to my institution from Biogen and Genentech (for investigator-initiated studies). (3) Site PI of studies sponsored by Biogen and Genentech

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)Department of Defense, W81XWH-16-1-0693, 9/2016-9/2021 (2)National Institutes of Health, 1R01NR018851-01A1, 9/2020- 6/2025

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1. National Multiple Sclerosis Society. 2. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Daniel S. Reich, MD, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Vertex Pharmaceuticals, (2) Sanofi-Genzyme, (3) Abata Therapeutics

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Z01NS003119, 2009-current

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Adelson Medical Research Foundation; (2) National Multiple Sclerosis Society

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Àlex Rovira, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Novartis, (2) Biogen, (3) Genzyme, (4) OLEA Medical, (5) Synthetic MRI, (6) TensorMedical, (7) Roche, (8) Bristol

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Bayer, (2) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, (3) Genzyme, (4) Merck-Serono, (5) Biogen Idec, (7) Roche, (8) Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Editorial boards of: (1) Neuroradiology. Editorial board member, 2006 at present; (2) Neurology. Editorial board member, 2021 at present;

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. (1) Bayer, (2) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, (3) Genzyme, (4) Merck-Serono, (5) Biogen Idec, (6) OLEA Medical, (7) Roche, (8) TMC Academy

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Brian G. Weinshenker, MD and
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Roche, honoraria for participation in symposia regarding neuromyelitis optica, World Congress of Neurology 2019

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 1. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, editorial board member, 2006-present; no compensation 2. Turkish Journal of Neurology, editorial board member, 2005-present; no compensation

    Patents:

    1. 1) NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica; application 20050112116; patent issued and technology licensed to R.S.R. Ltd.,Oxford University,MVZ Labor PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, Hospices Civil de Lyon

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Chugai: consulting regarding interpretation of neuromyelitis optica clinical trial 2. Mitsubishi Tanabe: consulting regarding design of neuromyelitis optica clinical trial 3. Roche: consulting regarding design of clinical trial 4. Genentech: consulting regarding design of clinical trial 5. Horizon: consulting and education regarding neuromyelitis optica and role of inebilizumab treatment

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. (1)VielaBio Pharmaceuticals, Adjudication Committee Member (2)Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Adjudication Committee Member (3)UCB Biosciences, Adjudication Committee Member

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, sponsor of research in NMO

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica; patent issued and technology licensed to R.S.R. Ltd., Oxford University, MVZ Labor PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR and Hospices Civil de Lyon

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Jeffrey A. Cohen, MD
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Atara 5/1/20 - consulting Biogen 7/7/21 - consulting Bristol-Myers Squibb 6/26/20 - consulting Convelo 10/30/18 to present - consulting Genentech 5/29/20 - consulting Glaxo Smith Kline 7/23/21 - consulting Janssen 5/19/21 - consulting Mylan 6/17/20 - consulting NervGen 11/16/20 - consulting Novartis 3/8/21 - consulting PSI 11/9/21 - consulting

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. H3 Communications 10/14/20 - speaker

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 2019-present - Editor, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Sage

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. Department of Neurological Sciences (AJS), Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, University Health Center - Arnold 2, Burlington, VT; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (GA), Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (WB), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (AHC), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (MIG), Neuroimmunology Section, FLENI, Buenos Aires City, Argentina; The Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (FDL), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (NM), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Multiple Sclerosis Precision Medicine Center of Excellence (EMM), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuroradiology Section (DSR), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Section of Neuroradiology (ÀR), Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (BGW), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research (JAC), Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Solomon andrew.solomon{at}uvm.edu
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