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August 2021; 11 (4) Research

Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Stroke in a National Cohort of Black and White Participants From REGARDS

Cassandra D. Ford, Marquita S. Gray, Martha R. Crowther, Virginia G. Wadley, Audrey L. Austin, Michael G. Crowe, LeaVonne Pulley, Frederick Unverzagt, Dawn O. Kleindorfer, Brett M. Kissela, Virginia J. Howard
First published October 6, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000983
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Article Information

vol. 11 no. 4 e454-e461
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000983
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
2163-0402
Online ISSN: 
2163-0933
History: 
  • Received April 2, 2020
  • Accepted September 17, 2020
  • First Published October 6, 2020.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2021 American Academy of Neurology

Author Disclosures

    1. Cassandra D. Ford, PhD, RN,
    2. Marquita S. Gray, MSPH,
    3. Martha R. Crowther, PhD, MPH,
    4. Virginia G. Wadley, PhD,
    5. Audrey L. Austin, PhD,
    6. Michael G. Crowe, PhD,
    7. LeaVonne Pulley, PhD,
    8. Frederick Unverzagt, PhD,
    9. Dawn O. Kleindorfer, MD,
    10. Brett M. Kissela, MD and
    11. Virginia J. Howard, PhD
  1. Cassandra D. Ford, PhD, RN,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Academic Editor for Medicine December 2014-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Marquita S. Gray, MSPH,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Martha R. Crowther, PhD, MPH,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NIA, 1P30AG031054-01, Subcontract Principal Investigator, Year 11 HRSA

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Virginia G. Wadley, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, editoral board, 2010-present, no compensation Journal of Aging Science, editorial board, 2013-present, no compensation

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH, R01 AG045154, PI, 2014-2019 NIH, R01 HL122658,Co-I, 2014-2019 NIH, P30 AG022838,Co-I,2014-2019 NIH, U01 NS080165, Co-I, 2014-2022

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Audrey L. Austin, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Michael G. Crowe, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) NIH, R01 AG064769, Principal Investigator, 2019-2024 2) NIH, U01 NS041588, Co-Investigator, 2019-2023 3) NIH, U01 NS041588, Co-Investigator, 2019-2023 4) NIH, P30 AG031054, Co-Investigator, 2018-2023 5) NIH, R01 AG045154, Co-Investigator, 2014-2019 6) NIH, R21 AG045722, Principal Investigator, 2015-2018 7) NIH, P30 AG022838, Co-Investigator, 2014-2019

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. LeaVonne Pulley, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Consultant on REGARDS study, from UAMS.

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Frederick Unverzagt, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 1) Neuropsychology, Editorial Board, 2007-present 2) Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Editorial Board, 20014-present 3) Current Alzheimer Research, Editorial Board, 2013- present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1) UCB Pharma 2) Piramal Life Science

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Dawn O. Kleindorfer, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. R01 NS30678 Kissela and Kleindorfer (PI) 4/1/2015 – 3/30/2020 3.60 cal mos NIH $7,578,621 Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke Among Blacks and Whites (EPI) Role: Co-PI U01 NS041588 Howard (PI) – Kissela (Site PI) 09/24/2011 – 11/30/2017 3.00 cal mos Subaward w/Univ of Alabama Birmingham $116,286 “Etiology of Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS)” U01NS086872 (Broderick) 09/30/2013 – 07/31/2018 2.40 cal mos NIH/NINDS $1,623,735 “NSTN National Clinical Coordinating Center”

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Brett M. Kissela, MD and
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. I have received compensation to perform event adjudication for clinical trials sponsored by Janssen and AbbVie.

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH funding for multiple grants

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Virginia J. Howard, PhD
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 2015-present Board of Directors, Consortium for Southeastern Hypertension Control (COSEHC), 2019 – Present NIAMS: DSMB for Mechanisms Underlying the Bone Modeling Effects of Combined Anabolic/Antiresorptive Administration, a Randomized Trial 2017 – Present NIAMS: DSMB for PH (1-34) and Pelvic Fracture Healing: a Randomized Trial. 2007 – Present NHLBI. Hispanic Study, Observational Studies Monitoring Board (Chair) 2011 – Present NIDDK. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY), DSMB (Chair 2016- present) 2015 – Present NHLBI DSMB: Individualized Comparative Effectiveness of Models Optimizing Patient Safety and Resident Education (iCOMPARE) 2014 – Present NIDCD DSMB : Acute Video-oculography for Vertigo in Emergency Rooms for Rapid Triage (AVERT) Study 2006 – Present Executive Committee, Aspirin to Reduce Risk of Initial Vascular Events (ARRIVE) Study, Bayer HealthCare. 2007 – Present NHLBI. Vest prevention of early sudden death trial (VEST) and Prediction of ICD Therapies Study (PREDICTS). DSMB

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. International Journal of Stroke, member of editorial board, 2013 to present Stroke journal, member of editorial board, 2020 to present Spouse: Stroke journal, Section Editor Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, Editorial Board Statistical Editor, Lancet Neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Self: 1) NIH-NINDS, NS41588, co-PI, 2001-present (2) NIH-NIA AG039588, PI, 2011-2020 (3) NIH- NIA P30 AG031054, co-investigator, 2012-present (4) NIH/NINDS NS080165, co-investigator, 2014-present (5) NIH/NIA AG050609, co-investigator, 2016-present (6) NIH-NIA AG056360, 2018-present (7) PCORI PCS-2017C3, co- investigator, 2019 to present (8) NIH-NINDS NS097876 Spouse: Multiple NIH grants.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. Capstone College of Nursing (CDF), the University of Alabama (UA), Tuscaloosa; Department of Biostatistics (MSG), the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB); Department of Community Medicine and Population Health (MRC), UA, Tuscaloosa; Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care (VGW), Department of Medicine, UAB; Tuscaloosa Veterans Affairs Medical Center (ALA), AL; Department of Psychology (MGC), College of Arts and Sciences, UAB; Independent Contractor (LP); Department of Psychiatry (FU), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (DOK, BMK), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Department of Epidemiology (VJH), School of Public Health, UAB.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Ford ford039{at}ua.edu
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