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August 2021; 11 (4) ReviewOpen Access

Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes as a Continuum

The Role of Neurologic Reserve

Timothy L. Vollmer, Kavita V. Nair, Ian M. Williams, Enrique Alvarez
First published January 29, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001045
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Article Information

vol. 11 no. 4 342-351
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001045
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Print ISSN: 
2163-0402
Online ISSN: 
2163-0933
History: 
  • Received May 6, 2020
  • Accepted December 10, 2020
  • First Published January 29, 2021.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Timothy L. Vollmer, MD,
    2. Kavita V. Nair, MD,
    3. Ian M. Williams, PhD and
    4. Enrique Alvarez, MD
  1. Timothy L. Vollmer, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Genentech/Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. (1) Combination therapy of rituximab and glatiramer acetate

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. (1) University of Colorado School of Medicine

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Biogen, (2) Genentech/Roche, (3) Siranax, (4) Celgene, (5) EMD Serono, (6) Novartis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Celgene, (2) Biogen, (3)Anokion, (4) Genentech, (5) F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, (6) GW Pharma, (7) TG Therapeutics, Inc.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Rocky Mountain MS Center

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Kavita V. Nair, MD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Novartis

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Commercial or non profit entity American Academy of Neurology

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Bristol Meyers Squibb Novartis Genentech

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Novartis, Genentech

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Ian M. Williams, PhD and
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd, Communications Consultant, 4+ years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Enrique Alvarez, MD
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Actelion/Janssen, Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene/BMS, EMD Serono/Merck, Genentech/Roche, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Biogen, Genentech/Roche, Novartis, TG Therapeutics,

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Initiative, National Institutes of Health

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and Rocky Mountain MS Center

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. Department of Neurology (TLV, KVN, EA), University of Colorado, and Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Clinical Pharmacy (KVN), Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and Oxford PharmaGenesis (IMW), United Kingdom.
  1. Correspondence
    Prof. Vollmer Timothy.Vollmer{at}ucdenver.edu
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