Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1 Clinical Outcomes Based on Functional Groups
6MWT = 6-minute walk test; CHOP-ATEND = Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Adult Test of Neuromuscular Disorders; FVC = forced vital capacity; HFMSE = Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale; MEP = maximal expiratory pressure; MIP = maximal inspiratory pressure; PROM = patient-reported outcome measure; RULM = revised upper limb module; SMAFRS = Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Rating Scale; TUG = timed up and go.
- Figure 2 Average Annual Rate of Change in CHOP-ATEND
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Adult Test for Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-ATEND) results for the entire population studied (n = 24) Individual subject trajectories are shown. The dark line (with standard error bars) depicts the average trajectory, as estimated from a linear mixed-effects model.
- Figure 3 HFMSE Total Score Trajectories Based on Functional Status
Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) results for entire population studied (n = 31) grouped by functional status at baseline: nonsitters (n = 9), sitters (n = 11), and walkers (n = 11).
Tables
- Tina Duong, PT, PhD,
- Connie Wolford, MSN, FNP-BC (cwolford{at}stanfordhealthcare.org),
- Michael P. McDermott, PhD (michael_mcdermott{at}urmc.rochester.edu),
- Chelsea E. Macpherson, PT, DPT, NCS (cem2183{at}gmail.com),
- Amy Pasternak, PT, DPT, PCS (amy.pasternak{at}childrens.harvard.edu),
- Allan M. Glanzman, PT, DPT, PCS (glanzmana{at}email.chop.edu),
- William B. Martens, BA (bill_martens{at}urmc.rochester.edu),
- Elizabeth Kichula, MD, BA (kichulae{at}email.chop.edu),
- Basil T. Darras, MD (basil.darras{at}childrens.harvard.edu),
- Darryl C. De Vivo, MD (dcd1{at}cumc.columbia.edu),
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham, MBChB, MRCP (zolkipliz{at}email.chop.edu),
- Richard S. Finkel, MD (richard.finkel{at}stjude.org),
- Michael Zeineh, MD, PhD,
- Max Wintermark, MD (mzeineh{at}stanford.edu),
- Jacinda Sampson, MD, PhD (jacindas{at}stanford.edu),
- Katharine A. Hagerman, PhD (khagerma{at}stanford.edu),
- Sally Dunaway Young, PT, DPT (sdy{at}stanford.edu) and
- John W. Day, MD, PhD on behalf of the Stanford Neuromuscular Coordinating Center (jwday{at}stanford.edu)
- Departments of Neurology (TD, CW, SDY, KAH, JS, JWD), Rehabilitation (CEM), and Radiology (MZ, MW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Departments of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (MPM), and Neurology (MPM and WBM), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (AP,BTD), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Neurology (DCD), Columbia University, New York; Department of Neurology (AMG EAK, ZZ) Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Pediatrics (RSF) Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL.
- Correspondence
Dr. Duong trduong{at}stanford.edu
Abstract
Objective To determine changes in motor and respiratory function after treatment with nusinersen in adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) during the first two years of commercial availability in the USA.
Methods Data were collected prospectively on adult (age >17 years at treatment initiation) SMA participants in the Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research (PNCR) Network. Baseline assessments of SMA outcomes including the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Rating Scale (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) occurred <5 months before treatment, and post-treatment assessments were made up to 24 months after nusinersen initation. Patient-reported experiences, safety laboratory tests and adverse events were monitored. The mean annual rate of change over time was determined for outcome measures using linear mixed effects models.
Results Forty-two adult SMA participants (mean age: 34 years, range 17-66) receiving nusinersen for a mean of 12.5 months (range 3-24 months) were assessed. Several motor and respiratory measures showed improvement distinct from the progressive decline typically seen in untreated adults. Participants also reported qualitative improvements including muscle strength, stamina, breathing and bulbar related outcomes. All participants tolerated nusinersen with normal surveillance labs and no significant adverse events.
Conclusions Trends of improvement emerged in functional motor, patient-reported, and respiratory measures, suggesting nusinersen may be efficacious in adults with SMA. Larger well-controlled studies and additional outcome measures are needed to firmly establish the efficacy of nusinersen in adults with SMA.
Classification of Evidence This study provides Class IV evidence regarding nusinersen tolerability and efficacy based on reported side effects and pulmonary and physical therapy assessments in an adult SMA cohort.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting 1: 7,000–11,000 live births.1,2 In SMA, survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency leads to motor neuron dysfunction and degeneration, causing progressive muscle atrophy, weakness, and early mortality.3,4 SMN protein is produced by SMN1 and SMN2 genes, with pathogenicity occurring only with no functional copies of SMN1. SMN2 generates protein less efficiently, but increased SMN2 gene copy number increases SMN protein and decreases disease severity.5,6
Nusinersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that modifies SMN2 RNA splicing, increasing protein production.7,8 Nusinersen was effective at improving motor function and survival in infantile- and childhood-onset SMA9,-,15 leading to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in December 2016 for SMA in all ages. Notably, at the time of its approval, trials of nusinersen did not include adults.
Understanding of infantile- and childhood-onset SMA has progressed rapidly because of molecular confirmation of the diagnosis coupled with multicenter natural history studies that enabled stratification by age, functional ability, and rate of change.10,11,16,-,20 Older, more chronically affected patients vary in functional ability and disease course, and tolerate fewer assessments without considerable fatigue, making research more difficult. An inverse relationship between motor function and disease progression for ages >1520 and >20 years21 have been described in treatment-naive adults.
This is a case series of SMA adults in whom nusinersen was initiated. We report motor and respiratory changes before and after nusinersen treatment to better understand possible treatment effects.
Methods
This study is part of a multisite longitudinal study of SMA. Data were collected based on initial functional status for all individuals in the study (figure 1). As part of the medical history, we also obtained information on surgical history, medications, SMA type (historically highest functional level achieved), age at diagnosis, disease duration, SMN2 copy number, and current functional status.
6MWT = 6-minute walk test; CHOP-ATEND = Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Adult Test of Neuromuscular Disorders; FVC = forced vital capacity; HFMSE = Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale; MEP = maximal expiratory pressure; MIP = maximal inspiratory pressure; PROM = patient-reported outcome measure; RULM = revised upper limb module; SMAFRS = Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Rating Scale; TUG = timed up and go.
Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents
Data were collected prospectively through an IRB-approved study conducted by the Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research (PNCR) Network on all nusinersen-treated adults (age ≥17 years at the start of treatment) at participating centers with genetic confirmation and clinical symptoms of SMA. Forty-two participants provided informed consent before evaluations. Data were collected from January 2017 to March 2019. The purpose was to evaluate changes in clinical outcome measures and to obtain safety information related to nusinersen treatment.
Clinical assessments were performed approximately every 4 months during clinic visits. Intrathecal loading doses of 12 mg of nusinersen were given based on the recommended schedule (baseline, day 14, day 28, day 58, and every 4 months thereafter). Safety laboratory tests performed before injection included platelet count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and urine protein.
Clinical Evaluations
Clinical outcomes were obtained during clinic visits using a minimal data set determined by the PNCR network based on participant functional status as well as insurance requirements (figure 1). Clinical evaluators were physical therapists with consistent training in the PNCR network and other clinical trials to administer the outcome measures. The same evaluator was used for most visits throughout the time frame of data collection. Clinical outcome measures were selected based on previous natural history studies in SMA and their sensitivity of assessment to detect change. Validated motor outcomes in SMA were selected for each participant based on the participant's baseline functional status: Walker (able to take 5 steps independently), sitter (able to sit independently for 3 seconds without support), and nonsitter (unable to sit independently) (figure 1).
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Adult Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-ATEND) used in this study was a new scale modified from the original Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-INTEND) and excluded items that cannot be performed with adults (items 11, 15, and 16).24 Because the CHOP-INTEND was a scale designed to assess infants with SMA type 1,25 there were minimal considerations in the manual for the impact of contractures on scoring. With adults, contractures have greater influence on test administration and evaluation of results; therefore, criteria for start positions, contracture considerations, and grading methodology were clarified while keeping the construct of the items intact. The Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Rating Scale (SMAFRS),26 a patient-reported outcome measure, and pulmonary function tests of forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were performed in all functional groups. The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE),27 Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM),28 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and timed up and go (TUG)29 were performed using standardized reliable methods established by the PNCR Network.16,17
Statistical Analysis
Five participants did not have clinical evaluations coincident with nusinersen initiation; therefore, the most recent evaluations before starting nusinersen, all within 5 months of the first dose, were used as the pretreatment value in the analyses. All data collected after nusinersen initiation were also included. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the mean annual rate of change (slope) for each outcome. This was done for the cohort of all participants as well as by subgroups defined by SMA type (2 and 3), SMN2 copy number (3 and 4), functional status (nonsitter, sitter, and walker), and history of spinal surgery. The model for estimating the overall mean slope included time after nusinersen initiation (continuous, expressed in years) with random intercept and slope coefficients. To estimate mean slopes in subgroups, the above model was expanded to include the appropriate main effect and interaction terms (e.g., SMA type and the interaction between SMA type and year).
Data Availability
Deidentified data may be shared with any qualified investigator on request. Data can be requested by all interested stakeholders for clinical research and trial planning. Data requests are reviewed by the PNCR Steering Committee, which can be contacted via the corresponding author.
Results
The 42 nusinersen-treated participants were adults with SMA type 2 or type 3 (table 1) who were treated for a range of 3–24 months (mean treatment duration 12.5 months). The mean age at treatment initiation was 33.7 years (range 17.7–66.1 years), 57% were male, and 62% had 3 copies of the SMN2 gene. The distribution of functional status was nonsitter (n = 17), sitter (n = 14), and walker (n = 11) (table 1). A broad spectrum of function was represented at baseline, with a median HFMSE score of 19.0 (range 0–60) and a mean RULM score of 18.2 (range 0–37) (table 1).
A total of 306 injections were performed. Procedure approaches were all through lumbar access with 155 traditional blind lumbar punctures (LPs), 136 fluoroscopy guided LPs, and 15 LPs requiring CT guidance. An interlaminar lumbar approach took place in all but 2.3% that required a transforaminal approach. Four patients discontinued treatment: 1 for personal reasons despite continued successful injections, 2 for a combination of insurance limitations and lack of perceived ongoing effectiveness, and 1 due to bony overgrowth at the only thecal access site. Of these patients who discontinued treatment, 3 had treatment for 18 months and 1 for 10 months.
Overall, nusinersen was well tolerated with 2 reported cases of mild thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 100,000 and 150,000) that resolved spontaneously and 3 cases of transient limb pain not directly related to the injection procedure that resolved within a few months. Adverse events were rare, mild, and transient and did not warrant discontinuation of therapy. The most common adverse event post-LP was transient headache that in all cases resolved spontaneously. This occurred following 16 of 234 injections (6.8%) and affected 6 patients (14.3%), an incidence comparable to that in other studies using atraumatic needles to reduce post-LP headaches.30,31 Other infrequently reported adverse events included injection site pain, nausea/vomiting, lightheadedness, and anxiety. No cases of hydrocephalus, bleeding/bruising, or renal compromise were identified. All adverse events resolved quickly without intervention.
Table 2 shows the mean annual rates of change (slopes) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all participants. Notably, all mean slopes were in a positive direction, although some were accompanied by wide CIs. For the motor measures, the most prominent improvement was seen with the CHOP-ATEND (mean slope = 3.59 points/year, 95% CI 0.67–6.51, figure 2) and the SMAFRS (mean slope = 1.44 points/year, 95% CI 0.04–2.83, p = 0.04). Improvements in the CHOP-ATEND were most noticeable in those with more severe phenotypes (SMA type 2, nonsitters, and those with 3 SMN2 copies; table 3). In the small subset of participants who performed the TUG test (n = 8), the mean slope on the log scale was −0.10 (95% CI −0.21 to 0.01) with a negative value indicating improvement in the time to complete this task. To interpret this on a time scale (seconds), exponentiating these values reveals that, on average, the time to perform the TUG test at 1 year was 0.90 (or 90%) of that at baseline (95% CI 0.81–1.01).
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Adult Test for Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-ATEND) results for the entire population studied (n = 24) Individual subject trajectories are shown. The dark line (with standard error bars) depicts the average trajectory, as estimated from a linear mixed-effects model.
Average Rates of Change per Year in Outcome Measures in Participant Subgroups
Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) results for entire population studied (n = 31) grouped by functional status at baseline: nonsitters (n = 9), sitters (n = 11), and walkers (n = 11).
There was a wide range of ventilatory function among participants (table 1). Overall, respiratory measures exhibited a mean rate of change indicating potential improvement after nusinersen treatment (table 2), most prominently with respiratory muscles of MEP (mean slope = 6.38 cm H2O/year, 95% CI 2.52–10.25) and to a lesser extent MIP (mean slope = −5.50 cm H2O per year, 95% CI −11.47 to 0.47).
Subcohort analyses were also performed to better understand the influence of SMN2 copy numbers (table 3). In our study, 9 individuals had 4 copies of SMN2, 2 of whom were female. We found broad heterogeneity in this cohort with 2 nonsitters, 2 sitters, and 5 ambulatory participants with age ranging from 26.7 to 65.5 years. All were diagnosed as SMA type 3 except 1 being SMA type 2, and disease duration ranged from 12 months to 15 years. This range in phenotypes and small sample size explains the variation in rates of change seen in the outcome measures.
Discussion
This study is a prospective observational study of adults with SMA treated with nusinersen in the real-world setting. Results indicate that nusinersen is safe and tolerable in a heterogeneous group of adults with SMA types 2 and 3 ranging from ages 17 to 66 years. Participants of this study were not included in the 2 pivotal clinical trials of nusinersen and began treatment after FDA approval of nusinersen.
Participants in this study have reported common subjective improvements that are consistent with those of recent reports31,–,33 including greater active range of motion in the fingers and hands; louder voice; and improved jaw movement and speech, which differ from reported natural history of progressive bulbar dysfunction and decreased mouth opening associated with fatty degeneration of the lateral pterygoid muscles.34 These gains are consistent with a previous study of older individuals with SMA in which 8 of 12 individuals had similar improvements in upper limb and head movement.33
Although limited natural history data in SMA are available for the TUG,29 SMAFRS,26 and the respiratory measures including MIP and MEP,35 our data in adults treated with nusinersen diverge from the expected progressive course of the disease.16,35 Further data collection and validation will be helpful to determine the utility of these measures in monitoring response to treatment.
Clinical evaluations performed were based on baseline functional status of the participants (figure 1). For this reason, all 42 participants did not receive the same evaluations. The HFMSE was performed on some nonsitters showing a floor effect of only being able to complete 2 items (hip and knee flexion when supine). For those who had a CHOP-ATEND assessment alongside the RULM or HFMSE assessment, 90.9% (10/11) individuals had a floor effect (score of 0) on the HFMSE and 54.5% (6/11) had a floor effect (score of 0) on the RULM. We were able to capture a broader range of motor abilities in those who were weaker with the CHOP-ATEND score, which ranged from 5 to 28.
The mean HFMSE rate of change did not differ substantially among the functional groupings in a natural history study and was fairly consistent with estimated decline between 0.5 and 1 points per year.35 Unlike the recent publication performed by 10 clinical sites in Germany, none of the subgroups or functional cohorts we analyzed had a significant 3 point improvement on the HFMSE.36 This may be due to our small sample size and the heterogeneity of our cohort (range of 0–60 points on the HFMSE, figure 3). Patients with SMA with long-standing spinal fusions have greater truncal stability, ventilatory ability, and upper limb function with fewer compensatory mechanisms; despite a wide CI, our observation of improved respiratory function and RULM responses with nusinersen in adults with spinal fusions were consistent with the German study.36
Insurance approvals for nusinersen treatment may be varied for individuals with 4 copies of SMN2. Our study highlights a heterogeneous group of 9 adults with 4 copies of SMN2 including 4 participants with SMA type 2/3 classified as nonsitters and 5 participants with SMA type 3 classified as ambulatory. Despite inherent flaws in accurately ascertaining symptom onset in the adult population, disease duration should be monitored as a phenotypic feature that may clarify prognosis and response to treatment for adults with 4 SMN2 copies.
Initial reports regarding tolerability in adults assessed motor function scores before and after loading doses of nusinersen in 28 adults with SMA. They found that nusinersen administration was safe and tolerable, yet unsurprisingly found no significant improvements in the 2-month follow-up period.31 Initial real-world studies reported on a cohort of 19 adults treated for up to 10 months and found improvements in the 6MWT and RULM, but no significant changes in other measures.37 Compared with our study, their patient cohort was functionally stronger with 63% being ambulatory compared with only 26% in our study. Similar to our findings, there were no significant changes in FVC; however, they found significant improvements in peak cough, which parallels the improved MEP that was found to be a sensitive indicator of change in our study. Studies have shown that peak cough is correlated with MIP and MEP38 and that MEP plays an important role in peak cough ability.39 More recently, a larger German cohort reported on 139 participants indicating efficacy in treatment using HFMSE, RULM, and 6MWT.36 Comparing our patient cohorts, individuals in our study had a more varied and severe phenotype with 38% spinal fusion compared with 25%, and 14% more individuals who were nonambulatory.
The primary limitation of this study is the lack of a concurrent control group as all patients in our clinics were treated with nusinersen. Selection bias may be present because patients unable to tolerate intrathecal treatments are also most likely to be severely affected with scoliosis. The lack of blinding is an especially noteworthy limitation to this study, but because the FDA approved nusinersen for individuals of all ages affected by SMA, a randomized placebo-controlled trial is no longer feasible for any population of patients with SMA in the United States. It is possible that the observed improvements in our study could be ascribed, at least in part, to placebo effects or a learning curve of the assessments. Longer follow-up will be valuable to assess durability of the response, which is more likely for biological than placebo effects of treatment. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were limited by the relatively small number of patients and the broad range of their functional abilities, which can only be addressed by longitudinal assessments of more adult patients on nusinersen, or other SMN restoring treatments.
Other limitations resulted from variable timing of and circumstances surrounding evaluations. Forty-three percent of participants had evaluations on the same day of injections, and only 1 participant had a 1-week delay in dosing. For these reasons, the real-world data obtained in this study are inherently more variable than the published data of nusinersen's effects on infantile- and juvenile-onset patients in more structured randomized controlled trials.
This study attempts to fill some of the knowledge gaps identified in nusinersen treatment of SMA,40 which included more severely weak individuals than is true of currently published studies of nusinersen in adults with SMA. The high cost of treatment associated with nusinersen is a consideration that must be addressed particularly in a value to health care–based system. Typical motor outcome measures used in clinical trials may not show improvements in this older more heterogeneous population. Given the range of subjective improvements reported by participants in this study, future directions should focus on development and validation of novel outcome measures that may better assess treatment responses, such as patient-reported outcome measures; measures of endurance and fatigability; measures of bulbar function including voice, speech, swallow, jaw, or tongue movement; and measures of trunk and neck movements. Quantification of these features in the severely and chronically weak adults may be more responsive to the effects of interventions. Careful clinical guidance should be considered in the management of expectation for older individuals as efficacy may be affected by other clinical factors such as disease duration, contractures, spinal fusions, and adherence to standards of care.
Although improved motor function is always a goal of treatment, stabilization of the otherwise progressively declining disease course of SMA would itself be of tremendous benefit to individuals affected by this chronic degenerative disorder. Stabilization and improvement of respiratory function is also of value to this population for whom respiratory infection is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. Ongoing studies of nusinersen, and development of biomarkers and novel outcome measures that can more completely ascertain response to treatment, will be important to confirm and extend the results of this initial study and to provide greater understanding of the changing natural history of adults with SMA in this new era of genetic treatments. These measures will also help determine when the cellular pathophysiology of SMA has been controlled and will help define unmet needs in the adult SMA population that can be addressed with approaches complementary to SMN protein restoration.
Acknowledgment
This work would not have been possible without the support of the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation and the PNCR network. The authors thankfully acknowledge the families and patients who dedicated their time to participate in this study.
Study Funding
The study was supported by the SMA Foundation and Cure SMA.
Disclosure
T. Duong has been an advisory board member of Cure SMA, Biogen, Cytokinetics, Roche, Scholar Rock, Sarepta, Bristol Myers Squibb, Audentes, and Novartis and served as a consultant for Roche, Audentes, and Novartis. C. Wolford and C.E. Macpherson report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. M.P. McDermott has received research support from the NIH, FDA, SMA Foundation, Cure SMA, and PTC Therapeutics; served as a consultant for Fulcrum Therapeutics, Inc.; and served on Data and Safety Monitoring Boards for NIH, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Vaccinex, Inc., Cynapsus Therapeutics, Voyager Therapeutics, and Prilenia Therapeutics Development, Ltd. A. Pasternak has been an advisory board member of Biogen, Roche, Scholar Rock, and Audentes; served as a consultant for Scholar Rock and Audentes; and received research support from the SMA Foundation. A.M. Glanzman receives institutional support from AveXis, Biogen, and Roche for trial training and/or outcome measure review and compensation from ATOM International for trial training; Aspa Therapeutics for outcomes consulting and Audentes Therapeutics for outcome review; Biogen advisory board; and licensing fees from CHOP-INTEND. W. Martens reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. E.A. Kichula has been an advisory board member for Biogen, Roche, AveXis, PTC Therapeutics, and Stealth. B.T. Darras has been a member of advisory boards for AveXis, Biogen, Vertex, Cytokinetics, Roche, Genentech, and Sarepta; has received research support from the NIH/National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, the Slaney Family Fund for SMA, the SMA Foundation, and the Working on Walking Fund; has received grants from Biogen, CureSMA, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. during the ENDEAR, CHERISH, CS2, CS12, and CS11 studies, and from AveXis, Cytokinetics, Fibrogen, PTC, Roche, Santhera, Sarepta, and Summit; and reports no personal financial interests in these companies. D. De Vivo has been an advisor/consultant for AveXis, Biogen, Cytokinetics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Metafora, Roche, Sanofi, Sarepta, and the SMA Foundation, with no financial interests in these companies; received grants from the Department of Defense, Hope for Children Research Foundation, the NIH, and the SMA Foundation; and received clinical trial funding from Biogen, Mallinckrodt, PTC, Sarepta, Scholar Rock, and Ultragenyx. Z. Zolkipli-Cunningham has received research support from the SMA Foundation (PNCR network for SMA, site PI), and Biogen. Stroke, the Slaney Family Fund for SMA, the SMA Foundation, and the Working on Walking Fund; has received grants from Biogen. R. Finkel served as a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) member for the eteplirsen Duchenne MD trial sponsored by Sarepta Therapeutics, the START gene therapy clinical trial at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the MOONFISH risdiplam trial sponsored by Roche; serves on medical/scientific advisory boards for AveXis, Biogen, BMS, Catabasis, Capricor, DuchenneConnect, Eli Lilly, Families of SMA, PTC Therapeutics, Inc., Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Neurogene, Novartis, Roche, Sarepta, SMA-REACH, and Summit; serves on the editorial board of Neuromuscular Disorders and Journal of Neuromuscular Disorders and is a coeditor of the 6th edition of Swaiman's Pediatric neurology text; receives research support from AveXis, Biogen, BMS, Capricor, Catabasis, Eli Lilly, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., PTC Therapeutics, IncReveraGen, Roche, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Scholar Rock, Summit, the NIH Cure SMA, the SMA Foundation, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Genzyme Corporation, and the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association; receives licensing fees for the CHOP-INTEND from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; and his spouse serves on the editorial board of Arthritis Research and Therapy, holds and has received license fees for numerous patents related to T-cell activation and HIV, and receives research support from the Gates Foundation, Merck Serono, and the NIH in the field of T-cell activation, HIV, and genomics of juvenile arthritis. M. Zeinheh, M. Wintermark, K.A. Hagerman, and J. Sampson report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. S. Dunaway Young has been an advisory board member for Biogen, Roche/Genentech, and Scholar Rock; received personal compensation for activities with Biogen, Cure SMA, Scholar Rock, and Roche/Genentech as a consultant; and received research support from the SMA Foundation. J.W. Day has received consulting fees from Audentes, Biogen, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Roche/Genentech Pharmaceuticals, Cytokinetics, Pfizer, AveXis, AMO Pharmaceuticals, Sarepta Therapeutics, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, and Scholar Rock. He has received grant support from Biogen; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Cytokinetics, Roche Pharmaceuticals, AveXis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sarepta Therapeutics, and Scholar Rock. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.
TAKE-HOME POINTS
→ This natural history study of nusinersen in adults identifies different responses to treatment in the real-world setting.
→ Nusinersen is safe, feasible, and well tolerated in adults with SMA.
→ Initial results show an emerging positive trend in both motor and respiratory function in a heterogeneous cohort, including severely weak adults, contrary to the natural history.
→ Future studies must address unmet needs pertaining to patient-reported outcomes, endurance, bulbar function, and motor assessments for those who are very weak and contracted to better understand the impact of changes with nusinersen and complementary approaches to SMN protein restoration.
Appendix 1 Authors
Appendix 2 Coinvestigators
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
Coinvestigators from the Stanford Neuromuscular Coordinating Center are listed in appendix 2 at the end of the article.
Class of Evidence: NPub.org/coe
- Received April 9, 2020.
- Accepted November 3, 2020.
- Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
References
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Gifts:Advisory board or consultancy for 1) Commercial: Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Scholar Rock 2) Non-Profit: SMA foundation
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Gifts:DSMB service for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, aTyr Pharma, NIH; Massachusetts General Hospital; Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Vaccinex, Inc.; Cynapsus Therapeutics; Voyager Therapeutics; and Prilenia Therapeutics Development, Ltd.
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Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:Received consulting fees from Fulcrum Therapeutics, Inc.
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:Received grant support from PTC Therapeutics.
Research Support, Academic Entities:Received grant support from: NIH, NS048843, Co-I, 2003-present; NIH, NS061795, PI, 2010-present; NIH, NS101944, Co-I, 2017-present; NIH, NS095813, Co-I, 2017-present; NIH, NS102176, Co-I, 2017-present; NIH, NS065712, Co-I, 2009-present; NIH, EY025990, Co-I, 2017-2019; NIH, NS080840, Co-I, 2014-2019; FDA, FD005936, Co-I, 2016-present; FDA, FD004809, Co-I, 2015-present; NIH, NS108676, Co-I, 2018-present; NIH, NS105479, Co-I, 2018-present; NIH, NS109403, Co-I, 2019-present; NIH, MH119264, Co-I, 2019-present.
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:Received grant support from the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, Cure SMA, and the Parkinson Study Group.
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:1. Scholar Rock 2. Biogen
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:1. Biogen 2. Stanford CME
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:1. Biogen
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:Audentis pharmaceutical, atom international, scholar rock, biogen pharmaceutical, avexis pharmaceutical
Patents:Editorial Board, Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 2017-present
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:audentes pharmaceutical, aspa pharmaceutical, biogen pharmaceutical, avexis pharmaceutical, roche pharmaceutical
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:Adjunct lecturer Arcadia University
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License fee payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:CHOP INTEND royalty through employer
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:(1) PTC Therapeutics (2) Biogen (3) Stealth BioTherapeutics (4) Avexis
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:Natera
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:Genentech
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:(1) Hoffman LaRoche (2) Cytokinetics, Inc. (3) Vertex, Inc. (4) Sarepta Therapeutics (5) Biogen (6) AveXis (6) PTC Therapeutics (7) AveXis Ad hoc SAB member; no financial interests in these companies
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:(1) Various titles, UpToDate, 1999-present (2) One videotaped presentation,
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:Biogen
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:(1) PTC Therapeutics (2) Scholar Rock (3) Sarepta Therapeutics (4) Biogen (5) Summit (6) AveXis (7) Roche (8) Fibrogen (9) Santhera (10) Cytokinetics
Research Support, Academic Entities:(1) NIH/NINDS, 1U10NS077269, Site-PI/PD, 2018-2023. (2) NIH/NINDS, 5U01NS061799, FOR-DMD, Site-PI, 2012-2016. (3) NIH/NINDS via Skulpt Inc., 5RNS073188, Site-PI, 2015- 2016.
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:(1) SMA Foundation (2) Muscular Dystrophy Association (3) Slaney Family Fund for SMA
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:Biogen DEVOTE Steering Committee; AveXis RESTORE Steering Committee; ASPA Therapeutics DSMC; Roche (Genentech) Advisory Board; Scholar Rock Advisory Committee.
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:2020 Distinquished Lecture, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:Glut1DS gene therapy
Employment, Commercial Entity:Neuromuscular Disorders in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence, second edition, 2015 Academic Press
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:Commercial Entities: Unpaid consultant for AveXis, Biogen, Ionis, Roche, Sarepta, Scholar Rock, Ultragenyx, PTC, Santhera, Mallinkrodt. Non-profit Entities: Unpaid consultant for Hope for Children Research Foundation, Glut1 Deficiency Foundation, Canavan Foundation.
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:Principal Investigator for Clinical Trials funded by Biogen, Sarepta, PTC, Ultragenyx, Scholar Rock, GliaPharm, Fulcrum Therapeutics and performed at Columbia University.
Research Support, Academic Entities:DoD Program Project 2020-2024 focusing on treatments for mitochondrial diseases.
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:Hope for Children Research Foundation; Glut1 Deficiency Foundation;
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:1. Oxygen Nanosensor to measure tissue Oxygen levels. 1065-18. 2. Methods of Treating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. 62/689.
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NICHD U24 Leigh syndrome gene curation grant support.
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research Network support from the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation (SMAF)and CureSMA.
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:(1) SMA REACH, external advisor (2) SMA Europe, scientific advisory board (3) AveXis advisory board (4) Biogen advisory board (5) Roche advisory board (6) Catabasis advisory board (7) Scholar Rock advisory board (8) Catabasis advisory board (9) Neurogene advisory board (10) n-Lorem Foundation advisory board (11) Every Life Foundation advisory board
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:(1) Cure SMA: funding for travel to speak at conferences, 2005-19 (2) SMA Foundation: funding for travel to attend workshops, 2007-17 (3) Muscular Dystrophy Assn: funding for travel to conferences, 2011-19 (4) Biogen: speaker honoraria, funding for travel to speak at conferences and with regulatory authorities, 2013-19 (5) AveXis: speaker honoraria, funding for travel to speak at conferences and with regulatory authorities, 2015-17 (6) Roche: speaker honoraria, funding for travel to speak at conferences and with regulatory authorities, 2013-19 (7) Catabasis: funding for travel to speak with regulatory authorities, 2015-17
Patents:Associate Editor of textbook on Pediatric Neurology, Editorial advisory board member (1) Neuromuscular Disorders, 2010- (2) J. Neuromuscular Diseases, 2013- Spouse serves on the editorial board of Arthritis Research and Therapy without compensation, 1999-
Publishing Royalties:Patents held by spouse: 1. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Mouse Anti-TCR Zeta Antibody to Southern Biotechnology Associates. 2. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Anti-Human TCR Zeta mAb to Upstate Pharmaceuticals, NY. 3. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Anti- Human TCR Zeta mAb to Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Employment, Commercial Entity:Swaiman's Principles and Practice of Pediatric Neurology, 6th edition; Elsevier, 2017, royalties received 2018-20
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:(1) Capricor: 2017-19 (2) Biogen: 2014-20 (3) Roche: 2015-20 (4) AveXis: 2015-20 (5) Novartis: 2015-20
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical procedures or imaging studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:Approximately 10% of my time and effort is devoted to patient care at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, mainly children with neuromuscular disorders. Approximately 70% effort is involved with clinical research and trials. The remainder of my time is spent in teaching and administrative activities.
Research Support, Government Entities:Dr. Richard Finkel: (1) Capricor: advisor, investigator, 2017-19 (2) Biogen: advisor, investigator 2014-20 (3) ReveraGen: advisor, investigator, 2016-20 (4) Cytokinetics: investigator, 2016-18 (5) AveXis: advisor, investigator, 2016-20 (7) Roche: advisor, investigator, 2016-20 (8) Sarepta: investigator, 2015-18 (9) Catabasis: advisor, investigator, 2017-20
Research Support, Academic Entities:(1) 5U01NS061799, Co-I, 2010-19 (2) RO1AR056973, Co-I, 2010-19 (3) 1U54NS065712-01, Co-I, 2009-19
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:(1) Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation (2) Cure SMA (3) Muscular Dystrophy Association (5) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association (6) n-Lorem Foundation (7) Every Life Foundation
License fee payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:Licensing fees from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia for the CHOP INTEND, 2018-20 Spouse receives licensing fee payments: 1. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Mouse Anti-TCR Zeta Antibody to Southern Biotechnology Associates. 2. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Anti-Human TCR Zeta mAb to Upstate Pharmaceuticals, NY. 3. Finkel, T.H., Kubo, R.: Anti-Human TCR Zeta mAb to Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:(1) consultant for Biogen.
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:(1) GE Healthcare
Research Support, Academic Entities:(1) NIH/NIA, 1R01AG061120-01, (PI Zeineh), 3/2019 Â 12/2023
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:(1) Commercial entity: Nines; (2) Commercial entity: Icometrix; (3) Commercial entity: Magnetic Insight; (4) Commercial entity: MoreHealth; (5) Commercial entity: Subtle Medical
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:NONE
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:1. non-profit entity (Dr Clemens, U Pittsburgh, DSMB) 2. commercial (Dyne Therapeutics, scientific advisory board) 3. commercial (Expansion Therapeutics, scientific advisory board). 4. commerical (Viking Therapeutics, scientific advisory board)
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:Funding for travel to MDF 2019 annual meeting
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:Expert testimony, not related to industry
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:NONE
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:Marigold Foundation (Myotonic dystrophy study).
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:NONE
Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:NONE
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:NONE
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:(1) Biogen Inc
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:(1) SMA Foundation, (2) Marigold Foundation
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:(1) Biogen (2) Roche/Genentech (3) Scholar Rock
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:NONE
Editorial Boards:(1) Roche/Genentech
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:NONE
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:NONE
Speakers' Bureaus:(1) Biogen (2) Cure SMA (3) Scholar Rock (4) Roche/Genentech
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:(1) Biogen
Research Support, Academic Entities:NONE
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:(1) SMA Foundation (2) Cure SMA
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE
Gifts:1 - FOR-DMD DSMB Chair - evaluation of steroid dosing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Funded by NIH, PPMD, Marathon and PTC Pharmaceuticals. 2) Biogen for scientific board regarding SMA and nusinersen 3) Roche for scientific board regarding SMA and risdiplam 4) Cytokinetics for consulting regarding SMA and CK-107 5) AveXis/Novartis for consulting regarding SMA and AVXS101/branaplam 6) Pfizer - DSMB, Chair, DMD gene therapy trial 7) Audentes - DSMB member, MTM gene therapy trial
Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:1) Non-profit for myotonic dystrophy cognitive function in adolescents; from family benefactor 2) Non-profit for myotonic dystrophy genotype-phenotype correlations; from family benefactor
Editorial Boards:1) Biogen, Inc. travel to Boston and Berlin for advisory meeting (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019) 2) AveXis travel to Frankfort, Chicago, Mendoza, Miami and Paris advisory meetings (2017, 2018, 2019) 3) Novartis travel to London advisory meeting (2018) 4) Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, travel to Dallas, Anaheim for annual conference, (2018, 2019) 5) Genentech for presentation at AAP (2020) 6) Biogen for presentation at AANEM (2020)
Patents:NONE
Publishing Royalties:(1) Patent on Myotonic Dystrophy type 2 genetic testing, licensed to Athena Diagnostics (2) Patent on Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 5 genetic testing, licensed to Athena Diagnostics
Employment, Commercial Entity:NONE
Consultancies:Stanford University, Departments of Clinical Neuroscience, Professor, 9 years University of Minnesota, Department of Neurology, Professor, 19 years University of California, San Francisco, Asst. Professor, 6 years
Speakers' Bureaus:1) Isis Pharmaceuticals  Myotonic Dystrophy Advisor 2) Biogen, Inc.  SMA Advisory Board 3) Cytokinetics, Inc.  SMA Advisor 4) Sarepta Therapeutics  Duchenne Advisor 5) PTC Therapeutics - Duchenne Advisor 6) AveXis, Inc - SMA Advisor 7) Santhera, Inc - DMD Advisor 8) Pfizer, Inc - Myotonic Dystrophy Advisor 9) Novartis, Inc. - SMA Advisor 10) Affinia Therapeutics - Gene Therapy Advisor 11) Shift Therapeutics - Genetic modification Advisor 12) Avidity Bio - myotonic dystrophy Advisor
Other Activities:NONE
Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:NONE
Research Support, Commercial Entities:NONE
Research Support, Government Entities:(1) Genzyme Corporation (2) Ionis Pharmaceuticals (3) Sarepta Pharmaceuticals (4) Cytokinetics, Inc. (5) AveXis, Inc. (6) Biogen, Inc. (7) Bristol-Myers. (8) Roche. (9) PTC Therapeutics. (10) Wave Therapeutics. (11) Audentes Pharmaceuticals (12) AMO Pharmaceuticals
Research Support, Academic Entities:NIH/NINDS, NS058901, Project PI, 2008-2018
Research Support, Foundations and Societies:NONE
Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:(1) Muscular Dystrophy Association (2) Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation (3) Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation (4) CureSMA
License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:NONE
Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:(1) DM2 genetic testing, Athena Diagnostics, 2002-2020 (2) SCA5 genetic testing, Athena Diagnostics, 2007-2020
Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:NONE
Legal Proceedings:NONE
NONE