PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
COVID-19 can potentially cause reactivation of VZV and subsequently have an additive effect in neurologic complications.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients can be asymptomatic or symptomatic with severity determined by age and comorbid conditions. Common early symptoms are fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea. In addition to respiratory complications, other systems involved include genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and cardiac.1
Neurologic complications such as encephalopathy were initially presumed to be because of multisystem involvement. Retrospective studies of patients with COVID-19 demonstrated multiple neurologic complications affecting central and peripheral nervous systems including dizziness, headache, hypogeusia, hyposmia, ischemic/hemorrhage stroke, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.2 There was a single case report of hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy reported in COVID-19, with imaging features of enhancement of bilateral thalami and medial temporal lobes.3 To our knowledge, there have been no cases reported of coinfection with another virus during active COVID-19 infection resulting in neurologic manifestations.
Here, we discuss one of the first known cases of COVID-19 infection and concomitant Varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalomyelitis. It is unclear if the VZV infection is provoked by underlying COVID-19 or if VZV is simply a coinfection. Identifying this is important not only because imaging characteristics are similar to those in COVID-19-related necrotizing encephalopathy but also because VZV has definitive treatment that can be offered.
Case
An 83-year-old White man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease presented with altered mental status and agitation. He had been discharged from an outside hospital 1 week earlier, diagnosed with COVID-19 by PCR.
He came in unresponsive with left-gaze deviation. He was stuporous, arousable to noxious stimuli, and nonverbal. Brainstem reflexes were present albeit asymmetric. He had minimal motor withdrawal in all 4 extremities and was suspected to have had a seizure but did not respond to antiepileptic agents.
MRI of the brain with contrast demonstrated restricted diffusion and T2-FLAIR hyperintensity in the left insula, medial temporal lobe, and hippocampus. This was believed to correlate with his suspected seizure (figure, A, B). Susceptibility in the left medial temporal lobe (figure, C) was concerning for herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis.
(A) Initial MRI with axial diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrating restricted diffusion in the left temporal lobe (day 4 of admission). (B) Initial MRI with axial FLAIR demonstrated hyperintensity in the left medial and anterior temporal lobe (day 4 of admission). (C) Initial MRI with axial susceptibility weighted imaging demonstrating susceptibility in the left temporal lobe (day 4 of admission). (D) Repeat noncontrast CT of the head showing acute subarachnoid hemorrhage with IV extension (day 8 of admission). (E) Axial T2-weighted thoracic spine MRI showing segmental hyperintensity in the dorsal columns from T5-T6 (day 8 of admission). VZV = Varicella zoster virus.
Therefore, IV acyclovir was initiated empirically. CSF showed 193 c/cmm white blood cells (86% lymphocytes), 19,000 c/cmm red blood cells, glucose of 114 mg/dL, and an elevated protein of 427.4 mg/dL. CSF was analyzed using a BioFire panel which detects several common bacterial/viral causes of meningitis/encephalitis by PCR. The results were positive for VZV and negative for the remaining pathogens on the panel, including HSV-1.
On day 8 of admission, our patient underwent emergent CT head after he was noted to have decreased responsiveness and diminished movement in his legs. CT of the head showed subarachnoid hemorrhage in the bilateral middle cerebral artery territories (figure, D). CT angiogram confirmed the presence of a saccular aneurysm of the left ICA. MRI of the spine showed restricted diffusion and T2-hyperintensity at thoracic T5-T6 (figure, E) suspicious for a spinal cord infarct.
He was maintained on acyclovir, albeit without response and was eventually placed in hospice. He was never treated with corticosteroids or IL-6-receptor blockers.
Discussion
We report a case of VZV encephalomyelitis and vasculitis in a patient infected with COVID-19. VZV reactivation is a well-known phenomenon typically in immunocompromised individuals and can cause neurologic complications such as ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, vasculitis, myelitis, or neuropathy.4 VZV is known to cause vasculopathy and resultant aneurysms with or without hemorrhage. Detection of concomitant VZV encephalitis is important because it is potentially treatable (with acyclovir).
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of COVID-19 infection potentially resulting in VZV reactivation with such devastating results. It is possible that COVID-19 produced an immunosuppressed state that allowed VZV to reactivate. There have been reports of T-cell exhaustion in patients with severe COVID-19, but given its novelty, mechanisms still need to be determined. Other putative mechanisms causing immunosuppression include the use of corticosteroids/IL-6-receptor blocker (e.g., Sarilumab) in patients with COVID-19.
In addition, this patient showed evidence of spinal cord infarcts (supported by restricted diffusion). VZV has been reported to cause cord infarcts likely because it can produce a hypercoagulable state.5,6 COVID-19 is known to cause a hypercoagulable state with patients tending to have high D-dimers, fibrinogen, and fibrin degradation products.7 However, it is difficult to elucidate if a single virus or interactions of both viruses contributed to the hypercoagulable state in this patient.
Conclusion
COVID-19 is a devastating virus that can cause a multitude of complications across almost all the systems in the human body. This case is an important first report showing VZV infection and its resultant complications, seen in association with SARS-CoV-2.
Study Funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
P. Patel, A. Undavia, R. Choudry, Y. Zhang, and A.M. Prabhu report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.
- Received May 5, 2020.
- Accepted June 23, 2020.
- © 2020 American Academy of Neurology
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