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April 2021; 11 (2) Review

Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Related to COVID-19

Alan Chalil, Carmen S. Baker, Robert B. Johnston, Caroline Just, Derek B. Debicki, Michael S. Mayich, Karen J. Bosma, View ORCID ProfileDavid A. Steven
First published July 8, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000900
Alan Chalil
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, MSc
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Carmen S. Baker
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD
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Robert B. Johnston
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD
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Caroline Just
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, FRCPC
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Derek B. Debicki
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, PhD, FRCPC
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Michael S. Mayich
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, FRCPC
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Karen J. Bosma
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, FRCPC
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David A. Steven
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (AC, RBJ, CJ, DBD, DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CSB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medical Imaging (MSM), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; Department of Medicine (KJB), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DAS), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
MD, MPH, FRCSC, FACS
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Citation
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Related to COVID-19
Alan Chalil, Carmen S. Baker, Robert B. Johnston, Caroline Just, Derek B. Debicki, Michael S. Mayich, Karen J. Bosma, David A. Steven
Neurol Clin Pract Apr 2021, 11 (2) e147-e151; DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000900

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Abstract

Purpose of Review The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most critical public health challenge in recent history. In this report, we present a case of suspected acute hemorrhagic encephalitis with bilateral intracranial hemorrhages associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.

Recent Findings A 48-year-old female COVID-19–positive patient developed acute changes in her neurologic status. A head CT with CT angiography demonstrated extensive bilateral parietal and occipital intraparenchymal hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and acute hydrocephalus. The patient was treated with an external ventricular drain, and a CSF sample was tested for SARS-CoV-2 but was found to be negative.

Summary The underlying mechanism for developing acute hemorrhagic encephalitis in viral illnesses may be autoimmune in nature and warrants further investigation. The initial neurologic presentation of COVID-19–related hemorrhagic encephalitis is altered level of consciousness, which may prompt further neurologic examination and imaging to exclude this feature.

Footnotes

  • Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.

  • NPub.org/COVID19

  • Received April 28, 2020.
  • Accepted June 26, 2020.
  • © 2020 American Academy of Neurology
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